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Relative independence of the separable quotient problem

OpenAI · September 23, 2026

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Abstract

The separable quotient problem asks whether every infinite-dimensional Banach space has a separable infinite-dimensional quotient. We prove that this statement is independent of ZFC, relative to the consistency of ZFC with a measurable cardinal. This holds over both the real and complex fields. For spaces of norm density ℵ1, we obtain independence relative to the consistency of ZFC alone.

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work in progress

Collected automatically by AI tools (Claude Opus 5.5 and GPT-6 Astra, 2026-10-21) and not checked by a person. May be wrong or incomplete. Report an error.

Follow-up works

  • Tomasz Kania and Jerzy Kąkol, Separable quotients of pointwise function spaces and relative consistency (arXiv:2609.19351, v1 16 Sep 2026, v2 17 Oct 2026). The v2 cites this preprint as [28] and compares its methods with it in Section 11, saying that [28, Lemma 3.2]'s small-density sampling idea carries over to $C_p(K)$ but that the Borel-coding/Fubini step [28, Lemma 3.4] and the final contradiction [28, Section 3] do not. The authors state that they did not verify the preprint's construction and use none of its theorems.

Formalization

  • OpenAI math release, Lean scope notes for family 323 (lean/docs/323.md, 6 Oct 2026). The release's Lean development covers only the negative direction: under CH, over $\mathbb R$ and $\mathbb C$, an infinite-dimensional Banach space with no bounded linear surjection onto an infinite-dimensional separable Banach space (comparator file SeparableQuotientNegative.lean). The positive direction from a real-valued measurable continuum and the relative-consistency conclusions are out of scope. [family-level]
  • anxkhn, Add the separable quotient counterexample under CH (google-deepmind/formal-conjectures issue #6996, opened 8 Oct 2026). Proposes adding the statement of Theorem 1.1(ii), over the reals with CH as an explicit hypothesis, to formal-conjectures. The positive direction and relative-consistency claims are excluded.
  • anxkhn, feat(Paper): add the separable quotient counterexample under CH (google-deepmind/formal-conjectures PR #7001, opened 8 Oct 2026, open at time of collection). Adds a statement-only Lean formulation of Theorem 1.1(ii) over $\mathbb R$, without a formal_proof attribute. A reviewer approved it on 10 Oct 2026, noting that it matches the paper's real universe-zero instance.

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Elsewhere

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Cite

@misc{OAI:Relative-independence-of-the-separable-quotient-problem-September-23-2026,
  author = {{OpenAI}},
  title = {{Relative independence of the separable quotient problem}},
  howpublished = {OpenAI Math Release preprint
                  \href{https://github.com/openai/math/blob/main/preprints/Relative-independence-of-the-separable-quotient-problem-September-23-2026/paper.pdf}{OAI:Relative-independence-of-the-separable-quotient-problem-September-23-2026}},
  year = {2026}
}

Lean formalization

OpenAI provides Lean files for this family: lean/docs/323.md. The Lean statements have not been checked by people against the paper's claims.

Family 323: Independence of the separable quotient problem

Establishes, relative to the consistency of a measurable cardinal, that the separable quotient problem is independent of ZFC. The assertion that every infinite-dimensional Banach space has a separable infinite-dimensional quotient can hold for all real and complex Banach spaces, whereas the continuum hypothesis yields counterexamples over both fields.

This is the only paper in this family.