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Lipschitz Equivalent Separable Banach Spaces Need Not Be Linearly Isomorphic

OpenAI · September 24, 2026

Lean

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Abstract

There are separable real Banach spaces that are globally bi-Lipschitz equivalent but not linearly isomorphic. This gives a negative answer to the separable Banach-space Lipschitz-isomorphism problem.

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Notes

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work in progress

Collected automatically by AI tools (Claude Opus 5.5 and GPT-6 Astra, 2026-10-21) and not checked by a person. May be wrong or incomplete. Report an error.

Formalization

  • OpenAI math release, Lean scope notes for family 324 (lean/docs/324.md, 2026-10-06). The release's Lean scope document says the formalized counterexample gives bi-Lipschitz equivalent, non-isomorphic separable real Banach spaces with bounds $4/21$ and $76/25$, and also formalizes the obstruction involving $c_0(\ell_2)$; it points to the comparator file LipschitzEquivalence.lean. [family-level]
  • anxkhn, feat(Paper): add Lipschitz equivalent nonisomorphic spaces (google-deepmind/formal-conjectures PR #6999, opened 2026-10-08, following issue #6994; still open when checked). Lean statement of Theorem 1.1 with the conclusion IsEmpty (X ≃L[ℝ] Y), without the $c_0(\ell_2)$ obstruction and without a formal_proof attribute; reviewer bocowgill approved it on 2026-10-10 after checking that the statement matches Theorem 1.1 at the pinned commit.

Possibly relevant literature (found by the agent, not checked)

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Elsewhere

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Cite

@misc{OAI:Lipschitz-Equivalent-Separable-Banach-Spaces-Need-Not-Be-Linearly-Isomorphic-September-24-2026,
  author = {{OpenAI}},
  title = {{Lipschitz Equivalent Separable Banach Spaces Need Not Be Linearly Isomorphic}},
  howpublished = {OpenAI Math Release preprint
                  \href{https://github.com/openai/math/blob/main/preprints/Lipschitz-Equivalent-Separable-Banach-Spaces-Need-Not-Be-Linearly-Isomorphic-September-24-2026/paper.pdf}{OAI:Lipschitz-Equivalent-Separable-Banach-Spaces-Need-Not-Be-Linearly-Isomorphic-September-24-2026}},
  year = {2026}
}

Lean formalization

OpenAI provides Lean files for this family: lean/docs/324.md. The Lean statements have not been checked by people against the paper's claims.

Family 324: Lipschitz equivalent Banach spaces need not be linearly isomorphic

Constructs separable real Banach spaces that are globally bi-Lipschitz equivalent but not linearly isomorphic, resolving the separable Lipschitz-isomorphism problem negatively. Thus even the complete metric structure up to bi-Lipschitz equivalence does not determine a separable Banach space's linear isomorphism class.

Other papers in this family: